التّضحية عند الكائنات الحيّة و السّلوك الحكيم لديها

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: .

1-Cemal y?ld?r?m . Evrim Kuram? ve Ba?nazl?kBilgi yay?nlar 47.

2-John Sparks ӡLittle Brownand Com The Discvery of Animal behavior 1982114-117 .

3-Horimar Von Ditfurth 1 ALAN YAYINCILIK,DINOZORLARIN SESSIZ GECESI 1996 . VEYSEL ATAYMAN 12-19

4 -GORDEV R .TAYLOR - HARDERAND ROW, PUBLISHERS,THE EVOLUTION MYSTERY 1983 . 222

5-Horimar Von Ditfurth 1 ALAN YAYINCILIK,DINOZORLARIN SESSIZ GECESI 1996 , VEYSEL ATAYMAN . 12-19

6-CHARLES DARWIN ONUR YAYINLARI 'TURLER?N K?KES?

- 1996 . 273

7- FRANSIS DARWIN THE LIFE AND LETTER OF DARWIN CHARLES , , NEW YORK : D, APPELETON AND COMPANY 1988 . 374

7-CHARLES DARWIN , TURLER?N K?KES? . 310

9-Cemal y?ld?r?m . Evrim Kuram? ve Ba?nazl?k .185

10 -GORDEV R .TAYLOR - , THE GREAT EVOLUTION MYSTERY 1983 . 221

11 -CHARLES DARWIN , TURLER?N K?KES? . 225

12-CHARLES DARWIN , TURLER?N K?KES? . 225

13-Cemal y?ld?r?m . Evrim Kurami ve Ba?nazl?k .34

14-CHARLES DARWIN , TURLER?N K?KES? . 186

15- CHARLES DARWIN , TURLER?N K?KES? . 302

16-Cemal y?ld?r?m . Evrim Kuram? ve Ba?nazl?k .49

17-PETER KRAPATKAN MATUAL AID A FACTOR OF EVOLUTION 1902

(http //www,etext ,org/pal?t?cs/spunk/l?brary/wr?ters/krapatk?/sp0011503/?ndex,htm/)

18- B?L?M VE TEKN?K , 190 . 4

19- PETER KROPOTKIN , MUTUAL AID ,A FACTORAL EVOLUTION 1902,

20- JOHN MAYNARD SMITH , SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN , THE EVOLUTION OF BEHAVIOR 1978 239 3 . 176

21- GORDON TAYLOR , THE GREAT EVOLUTION MYSTERY . 223

22- THE ESSENTIAL OF BIOLOGY JANET L ,HOPSON &NORMANK WESSELLS MC GRAW-HILL PUBLISHING COMPANY 1995, 45, . 837-839

23- SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN , 229 , 1978, . 3

24-RUSSEL FREEDMAN , E.P.DUTTON NEWYORK HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG 1978 . 4

25-RUSSEL FREEDMAN , E.P.DUTTON NEWYORK HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG 1978 . 4

26-PETER JB SLATER ,NEW YORK FACTS ON FILE PUBLICATIONS. THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR 1987 . 87

27-GLENN OELAND NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC ,EMPERORS OF THE ICE 189, 3, 1996 . 64

28- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI , QUAND L'OISEAU FAIT SON NID , . 16

29- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI , QUAND L'OISEAU FAIT SON NID . 85

30-RUSSEL FREEDMAN , E.P.DUTTON NEWYORK HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG 1978 . 13- 14

31- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI , QUAND L'OISEAU FAIT SON NID . 90

32- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI , QUAND L'OISEAU FAIT SON NID . 86

33- DAVID ATTENBOROUGH , NEW JERSEY.PRINCETON.THE LIFE OF BIRDS 1998 . 233-234

34-RUSSEL FREEDMAN , E.P.DUTTON NEWYORK HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG 1978 . 47

35- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI , QUAND L'OISEANUFAIT SON NID . 89

36-PETER JB SLATER , NEW YORK FACTS ON FILE PUBLICATIONS. THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR . 42

DAVID ATTENBOROUGH , LIFE OF BIRDS .234-235

37- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI , QUAND L'OISEAU FAIT SON NID .88

38- DAVID ATTENBOROUGH , LIFE OF BIRDS .225

39- RUSSEL FREEDMAN , HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG 1978 . 14

40-RUSSEL FREEDMAN , HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG 1978 . 14

41-DAVID ATTENBOROUGH , LIFE OF BIRDS .149-151

42- THE MERVELS OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR , THE GEOGRAPHIC 1972 .301

DAVID ATTENBOROUGH , LIFE OF BIRDS . 228

43- C. KOSWING GENEL ZOOLOGIE , 1945 . 145-148

44-THOR LARSEN NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC.POLAR BEAR: LONELY NOMAD OF THE NORTH 1971 . 57

45-INTERNATIONAL WILLIFE - 1994 . 15

46-RUSSEL FREEDMAN HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG . 15

47-RUSSEL FREEDMAN HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG . 16

48-RUSSEL FREEDMAN HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG . 17

49-RUSSEL FREEDMAN HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG . 6

50-TONY SEDDON ANIMAL PARENTING . 27

51-RUSSEL FREEDMAN HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG . 19

52-DAVID ATTENBOROUGH YA?ADI?IMIZ DUNYA . 105-109-106

53-TONY SEDDON NEW YORK .FACTS ON FILE PUBLICATIONS . ANIMAL PARENTING 1989-. 31

54-DAVID ATTENBOROUGH YA?ADI?IMIZ DUNYA INKILAP YAYIN EVi . 228 1985 . 104-105

55-TONY SEDDON NEW YORK .FACTS ON FILE PUBLICATIONS . ANIMAL PARENTING 1989-. 19

56- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI QUAND L'OISEAU FAIT SON NID . 59

57- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI QUAND L'OISEAN FAIT SON NID .72

58-ROGER B.HIRSCHLAND NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC ;SOCIETY , HOW ANIMALS CARE FOR THEIR BABIES . 6

59-JACQUES COUSTEAU THE ADVENTURE OF LIFE THE OCEAN WORD OF JACQUES COUSTEAU WORLD PUBLISHING NEWYORK 1973 . 44

60- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI QUAND L'OISEAU FAIT SON NID . 20

61- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI QUAND L'OISEAN FAIT SON NID .104-105

62-DAVID ATTENBOROUGH LIFE OF BIRDS . 288-292

63-A.VINCENT . NATIONAL CEOGRAPHIC ,THE IMPROBABLE SEAHORSE 1994 B?L?M VE TEKN?K , 356 , 1997, . 34-40

64-HAYVANLAR ANS?KLOPED?S? PHOEBUS PUBLISHING COMPANY ;C.B.P.C PUBSHING .92

65HAYVANLAR ANS?KLOPED?S? PHOEBUS PUBLISHING COMPANY ;C.B.P.C PUBSHING . 33

66-HAYVANLAR ANSIKLOPED?S? PHOEBUS PUBLISHING COMPANY ;C.B.P.C PUBSHING . 37

67-JACQUES COUSTEAU , THE OCEAN WORLD OF JACQUES COUSTEAU QUEST FOR FOOD . 32.

68-JACQUES COUSTEAU , THE OCEAN WORLD OF JACQUES COUSTEAU QUEST FOR FOOD .35.

69-JACQUES COUSTEAU , THE OCEAN WORLD OF JACQUES COUSTEAU , QUEST FOR FOOD . 53.

70-TONY SEDDON , ANIMAL PARENTING .26.

71-TONY SEDDON , ANIMAL PARENTING . 26

72-DAVID ATTENBOROUGH , LIFE OF BIRDS . 26

73-HAYVANLAR ANSIKLOPEDISI ,PHOEBUS PUBLISHING COMPANY ;C.B.P.C PUBSHING . 246 - 247

74-TONY SEDDON . ANIMAL PARENTING . 26

75-SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ;DOUGLAS W.TALLANY 1999, 280 1 . 53-54

76-SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ;DOUGLAS W.TALLANY 1999, 280 1 . 55

77-RUSSEL FREEDMAN E.P.DUTTON NEWYORK HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG 1978 . 34-45

78-PETER JB SLATER NEW YORK FACTS ON FILE PUBLICATIONS. THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR . 88

79-RUSSEL FREEDMAN E.P.DUTTON NEWYORK HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG 1978 . 1

80-RUSSEL FREEDMAN E.P.DUTTON NEWYORK HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG1978 . 56-58

81-RUSSEL FREEDMAN E.P.DUTTON NEWYORK HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG 1978 . 36

82-RUSSEL FREEDMAN E.P.DUTTON NEWYORK HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG 1978 . 47-48

83-RUSSEL FREEDMAN E.P.DUTTON NEWYORK ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG HOW1978 . 258

84-DAVID ATTENBOROUGH LIFE OF BIRDS .258

85- RUSSEL FREEDMAN E.P.DUTTON NEWYORK HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG 1978 . 1

86-RUSSEL FREEDMAN E.P.DUTTON NEWYORK HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG 1978 . 53

87-RUSSEL FREEDMAN E.P.DUTTON NEWYORK HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG 1978 . 52

88-SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ;DOUGLAS W.TALLANY 1999, 280 1 . 52

89-SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ;DOUGLAS W.TALLANY 1999, 280 1 . 52-53

90-SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ;DOUGLAS W.TALLANY 1999, 280 1 . 51-52

91-SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ;DOUGLAS W.TALLANY 1999, 280 1 . 53

92-SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ;DOUGLAS W.TALLANY 1999, 280 1 . 52

93-DAVID ATTENBOROUGH LIFE OF BIRDS . 270

94-PETER JB SLATER . THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR . 86

95- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI QUAND L'OISEAU FAIT SON NID .20

96- B?L?M VE TEKN?K 1888 356 .12 SCIENCE ET VIE 1998

97-DAVID ATTENBOROUGH LIFE OF BIRDS . 256

98- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI QUAND L'OISEAU FAIT SON NID .100

99- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI QUAND L'OISEAU FAIT SON NID .123-124

100-DAVID ATTENBOROUGH LIFE OF BIRDS . 262

101-DAVID ATTENBOROUGH LIFE OF BIRDS . 263

102-DAVID ATTENBOROUGH LIFE OF BIRDS .279

103- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI QUAND L'OISEAU FAIT SON NID .95

104-TONY SEDDON . ANIMAL PARENTING . 32

105-SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ;DOUGLAS W.TALLANY 1999, 280 1 .53

106-TONY SEDDON . ANIMAL PARENTING . 34

107-RUSSEL FREEDMAN HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG . 36-42

19- PETER KROPOTKIN MUTUAL AID ,A FACTORAL EVOLUTION

1902

109-Cemal y?ld?r?m . Evrim Kuram? ve Ba?nazl?k .48-49

110-TONY SEDDON . ANIMAL PARENTING . 42

111-PETER JB SLATER . THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

. 114

112-EDWORD O.WILSON THE BELKNAP PRESS OF HARVORD UNI PRESS SOCIOBIOLOGY THE NEW SYTHENSIS ENGLAND1975 .123

113-DAVID ATTENBOROUGH INKILAP KITABEVI YA?ADI?IMI DUNYA 1985 .178 .

114-EDWORD O.WILSON THE BELKNAP PRESS OF HARVORD UNI PRESS SOCIOBIOLOGY THE NEW SYTHENSIS ENGLAND1975 .123

115-RUSSEL FREEDMAN HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG . 69 .

116-RUSSEL FREEDMAN HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG .66-76 .

117-DAVID ATTENBOROUGH YA?ADI?IMI DUNYA .185

118-RUSSEL FREEDMAN HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG .66-76

119-RUSSEL FREEDMAN HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG . 77

120-HAYVANLAR ANSIKLAPEDISI . 105 .

121-RUSSEL FREEDMAN HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG . 75

122-DAVID ATTENBOROUGH LIFE OF BIRDS .140 .

123- BILIM VE TEKNIK , 1902 . 58 .

124-HAYVANLAR ANSIKLAPEDISI , .29 .

125-HAYVANLAR ANSIKLAPEDISI , .80

126-RUSSEL FREEDMAN , HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG . 69

127-RUSSEL FREEDMAN , HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG . 72

128-JOHN SPARKS THE DISCOVERY OF BEHAVIOR . 264

129- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI , QUAND L'OISEAN FAIT SON NID . 20

130- PETER KROPOTKIN , MUTUAL AID ,A FACTORAL EVOLUTION

1902

131- PETER KROPOTKIN , MUTUAL AID ,A FACTORAL EVOLUTION

1902

132- BERT H?LLDOBLER -EDWORD O WILSON 1990

. 330-331

133-NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC 1995 .100

134- BERT H?LLDOBLER -EDWORD O WILSON 1990

. 71

135-RUSSEL FREEDMAN , HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG . 43

136-HAYVANLAR ANSIKLAPEDISI { } . 97-98

137-RUSSEL FREEDMAN , HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG . 22-23

138-RUSSEL FREEDMAN , HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG . 63

139-HUGH ROSS THE FIGER PRINT OF GOD .50 .

140-KLAVS DOSE - SIDNEY FOX ӡNEW YORK MARCEL DEKKER MOLECULER EVOLUTION AND THE ORIGIN OF LIFE, 1977.2

141-ALEXANDER I OBARIN ORIGIN OF LIFE (1936) NEW YORK DOVER PUPLICATIONS 1953 . 196

142-NEW EVIDENCE ON EVOLUTION OF EARLY ATMOSPHERE AND LIFE AMERICAN , BULLETIN OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY ɡ 63, 1982, . 1328-1330

143-STANLY MILLER MOGECULEREVOLUTION OF LIFE:CURRENT STATUS OF THE PREBIOTIC OFSMALL MOLECULES 1986. 7

144-JEFFRY BADA EARTH 1998 . 95

145-LESLIE ORGEL SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ;THE ORIGIN OF LIFE ON EARTH 271 1994 .189

146- CHARLS DARWIN , HARVORD UNI.PRESS;THE ORIGIN OF SPEICIER: A FACSIMILE OF THE FIRST EDITION 1964 . 189

147- CHARLS DARWIN , HARVORD UNI.PRESS;THE ORIGIN OF SPEICIER: A FACSIMILE OF THE FIRST EDITION 1964 . 184

148- B.G.RANGANATHAN . ORIGIN?

149- CHARLS DARWIN , HARVARD UNI.PRESS;THE ORIGIN OF SPEICIER: A FACSIMILE OF THE FIRST EDITION 1964 .179

150-DEREK A.AGER .. THE NATURE OF THE FASCIL RECORD

' 87 1976. 133

151-DOUGLAS J.FUTUYMA SCIENCE TRIAL NEW YORK : PANTHEON BOOKS 1983 . 197 .

152- SOLLY ZUCKERMAN BEYARD THE TOWEF TOPLINGER PUBLICATIONS 1970 . 75-94 CHARLES E.OXNARD GROUNDS FOR DOUBT THE PLACE OF AUSTRALOPITHE IN HUMAN EVOLUTION 258 . 389 .

153- J.RENNIE ERNST MAYR : DARWIN`S CURRENT BULLDOG SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 1992 .

154-ALAN WALKER SCIENCE VOL .207 1980 . 1103 A.J.KELSOI PHYSIOAL ANTROPOLOGY NEW YORK : J.B.LIPINCOTTCO 1970 . 221 M.D.LEAKEY OLDUVAI GORGE VOL . 3 CAMBRIDGE CAMBRIDGE. UNI PRESS 1971 . 272 .

155- TIME 1996 .

156-S.J.GOULD NATINAL HISTORY VOL 85 1976 . 30 .

157- SOLLY ZUCKERMAN BEYAN OF THE IVERY TOWER

TOPLINGER PUBLICATIONS : NEW YORK 1970 . 19 .

158- RICHARD LEWONTIN THE DEMON-HOUNTED WORLD

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