التّضحية عند الكائنات الحيّة و السّلوك الحكيم لديها

< <
1 / total: 1
|


See larger photo
 

.

: " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " ": " . :" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 20" .

" ", : " " " " " " " " "" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "" " " "" " " "

" "" .

. . , .

ǡ . ( " "). , .

" " .

ѡ . "" ǡ ߿

ɡ ǡ ѡ .

: " " .

: .

ӡ . .

, ǡ : () ߡ " " . , : " ". " 4"

: .

, ޡ . ʡ .

ǡ .

. . .

. .

, 35 . , .

. , . ɡ , .

.

, , . , .

, .

. (6-7) ǡ 1/6. (3)

ǿ .

ɡ ɡ ɡ .

. . .

Gordon Taylor rottary

"The great evolution Myster" " " :

(4).

" "Gordon Taylor" . ɡ .

: ߿ .

.. . ̿ ǡ . . , .

. : " " , :" " 68-69 "

. :".. ". Haimar Von Dithfurth : , ɿ ǿ ɡ , .

. . ɡ ɡ ɡ .

ɡ ѡ " (5).

, ӡ . " " : " ɡ " (6).

" " "the life and letters of darwin" : ( ) .. " " (7).

ɡ ҡ : " . ".

:

1- : :

" " . ( ) .

: ѡ .

: ԡ . (8).

:

" . ʡ ɡ : ɿ

2- :

. .

Gordon R.Taylor :" :Dobzhansky ɡ Dobzhansky . " .

( ) 0

ǡ (10).

Gordon R.Taylor ǡ .

ɡ ɡ : .

. , . 150 :

" ɡ " (11).

, , , . : (1).

: , . (13)

.

3-

. ... . : ѿ

: (14). . ɡ . . .

ǡ ѡ . .

, . .

. . ǡ , .

. " " : "(15).

. ǿ . . . . .

: .

, . ޡ . . . ء , ǡ . :" ". 56.

, , .

. , . .

. . . " ".

: ǡ Haley (16).

Peter Kropotkin Mutual Aid:A Factor in Evolution " : " : . Haxley . .(17).

ɡ . , . . : " ɡ ѡ ѡ (18).

ʡ . .

ʡ ڡ .

, ǡ . ..

, . . 4-20 , , .

.

ǡ , . : , (19).

. . . ߿.

. " ". 6

John Maynard Smith : (20)

. Stephen Jay Gouli (21).

Gorden Taylor . .

, richard dawkins ǡ ɡ .

. : Essentails of Biology : ɡ , ɡ , (22).

ߡ : ̿ ɡ ѡ . . , . .

, ɡ , :" # " 49 . .

" " 12 .

, . Cientific American : , . , .

ɡ .

"", , ǡ 24. . ɡ ǡ .

. : .

, , .

֡ . ѡ . . .(25)

ɡ (26).

, . , 2-3 .

ѡ , . ѿ

(27).

. ֿ ɿ ǡ

ɿ ɡ .

ѡ ɡ ڡ ԡ ԡ . . ϡ , ʡ ʡ ǡ , . ɡ ǡ ͡ ء 45 .

ɡ . ǡ ɡ .

ɡ . . ɡ .

ɡ .

ǡ .

ɡ , . . (28).

. ǡ . , . ɿ . .

ǡ .

ɿ

ǡ . ݡ , ӡ .

ɡ . " " , , (29). ǡ . . ޡ . ǡ . , .

ԡ ޡ , (30).

, , (31). sar?asmag?ller (32). .

ɡ . ޡ ϡ (33), (34).

, , .

ɡ ɡ . ݡ ɡ , . .

ԡ ǡ (36). ɡ . .

.

ԡ .

ǡ 3 4,5 200 (37). .

. ԡ . , . . .

, (38).

ݡ ݡ . (39).

"" . (40).

ˡ . 50 1,5 (41).

, .

. ɡ (4).

, .

ԡ ǡ . . .

"" : ɡ ȡ .

. . . 8-18 .

. , , .

. . . . (43).

, ϡ . , . . , . .

ӡ 75 . (45).

Paul Watts , 30 2-3 . , ǡ , 70 ɡ .

"" 90 . , (46).

""

ǡ ǡ ȡ 10 () . ( ) (47).

ǡ , ɡ " " " " . . .

ǡ ѡ . . ޡ . (48).

, ǿ ! ǡ .

ǡ ɡ . . ʡ ʿ

.

, . ݡ "" " " ǡ .

" " . - 68 .

. ǡ . ɡ .

. , .

ǡ . ǡ , . , (49). "" .

. ɡ ( ) , .

: " " - 8 : " " - 47, - 49-50 : " (49) (50) " .

() ɡ . .

" " . 100 , . . "" (50). " ", . () (cat fish ) ɡ , ( 51).

, "" . , , , ( 52).

(53). " " , ֡ 30 , . 15 . 20 , .

, , ء , . (54).

ɡ . ݡ ɡ . .

. . , , ޡ . (55).

. "" ֡ , (56).

, , . (58).

. 59.

. . . . . . " " .

, " "" " . 60. , . . . .

, . . 25000 , , ( ), . . , . , . . .

, , . . :80 .

120-160 , , . , . . ɡ . ӡ . . . .

, . , , . . ɡ

(62).

. . .

:

, , , . . , (63).

""

ɡ . . , . . . .

. . (64 ).

ʡ . , ǡ .

""

. , . 10 (65).

: " "

" " , ѡ ǡ . ߡ , 68.

""

ޡ . ɡ . , ǡ . (69).

: " " 70. ɡ (7).

ɡ ɡ (72) .

" "

, . . , .

" " , , (73).

.

, , , . . . - - .

"" " " " " , (75).

.

"" . , . , . . .

, . , ɡ . . (77). , .

. ɡ . . .

, , . .

ѡ , , () (79), . . , .

. , ɡ (80). , , (81).

, ߡ , . . ǡ , . (82).

. mari ba?tankara , (83).

"" . (84).

ǡ . . , . (85).

ɡ , , , . ɡ . , . (86).

, . , . (87) . , , . , .

" " 1764 " " (88). ǡ .. " :

( ) ѡ (89).

.. , . at?s?rgan ǡ . "k?z" . , "" . . . "k?z" . (90).

, 4-12 ǡ ɡ "ba?tankara" 900 (93).

ѡ "" 10-18 ɡ , (94). (95). . " " ba?tankara . , . 76% 36% (96). .

, . . Կ . ǡ (97).

, . , , . , (98).

20 . ʡ . , 25 . , , yelkovan ѡ " " , . (100).

. , . ard? . . , .

. , . . . kenevir , . . (101).

. .

. . . . , . . , . . , , . 25 . . . . (102).

ɡ , .

. "" () ѡ . . , . " " (105).

, :" " -60.

, , , . . . ѡ ǡ . . . . , . .

. , . . . . .

, , . " " " " ba?tankara . . . , . .

.

(107).

.

:

: " " . - 26

ǡ .

"" " " :

" " "" .(108).

"" " " :

"" ϡ ( ) (109).

" " .

. .

ѡ (110).

" "san?sa?ma (111). .

(112).

30 ѡ (113).

: .

ǡ : .

.

(114).

(115).

" " (116).

(117).

"" { } (118).

" " " " (119).

(120).

(121).

(122).

. : :

" 36-37" : { (36) (37) }

66 : { } .

.

(123).

.

" " .

(124).

(125).

.

.

(126).

" " " " (127).

(128).

.

(129).

" " "" .

" " " " . . . . .

. . .

. . . .

: . 130.

.

. . . 131.

2. . . . 132 .

3. . . . . .

4. . . . . . 133.

. . . - - . 2530 . . . - - . . . . . . .

6. . . . 134.

7. . . . . . .

8. . . 133 , ء ǡ .

, . ֡ ѡ . :

: { } - 83

. ʡ ɡ ǡ ֡ { }

: ( 4-6 . ǡ . ǡ .

: ǡ .

2- .

3- . ϡ .

4- .

.

{ } ɡ (136). . ǡ .

:

{ - 69 } : { } .

5- .

.

. . (137).

{} (138).

.

" - 56 " : { } .

.

:

"" "" .

:

" " " " " "

: " - 3 " :{ } .

.

.

.

: " - 57 " { }

.

" - 118 " { } .

ʡ .

"" " " " " { } :

" (139).

"" .

. .

.

" " 1859 .

" " .

:

1) .

2) " " .

3) .

:

" " 3.8

.

" " . . .

" " .

: " " (140).

" " .

: " " (141).

1953 .

(142).

(143).

. " -" 1998 " : " (144).

. . .

. 500 1 10 950. 1 10 50 .

AND . AND 900 500 .

: ADN () . AND . . .

LESLIE ORGEL 1994 :

( ) RNA-DNA . . . . . .

.

: . . . . . . " ".

LAMARCK

LAMARCK. .

147, . .

. : DNA B.G RAGANATHAN .. : . .(148) . { } . . : . . . . : .(149)

. .

DEREK W.AGER .. : : (150).

Doglas Futuyma :

(151).

.

4-5 :

1-Austrapithecus

2-Homo Habilis

3-Homo Erectus

4-Homo Sapiens { }

" Australopitheucus " Charles Oxnard Lord Solly Zuckerman .(152)

Homo Australopithecus Ernest mayr

: " Homo sapiens " (153).

:

Australopithecus ___Homo Habilis___Homo Erctus___Homo Sapiens Australopithecus Homo Habilis Homo Erectus .(154)

Homo Erectus {} Homo Sapiens Neandertalensis

{ } Homo Sapiens Sapiens .(155)

.

Stephen Jay Gould :

.

.

Lord solly zuderman Austraalopithecus .

Zuckerman Telepathy " " :

(157).

.

.

.

Richard liwentin :

" ".(158)

.

.

: .

1-Cemal y?ld?r?m . Evrim Kuram? ve Ba?nazl?kBilgi yay?nlar 47.

2-John Sparks ӡLittle Brownand Com The Discvery of Animal behavior 1982114-117 .

3-Horimar Von Ditfurth 1 ALAN YAYINCILIK,DINOZORLARIN SESSIZ GECESI 1996 . VEYSEL ATAYMAN 12-19

4 -GORDEV R .TAYLOR - HARDERAND ROW, PUBLISHERS,THE EVOLUTION MYSTERY 1983 . 222

5-Horimar Von Ditfurth 1 ALAN YAYINCILIK,DINOZORLARIN SESSIZ GECESI 1996 , VEYSEL ATAYMAN . 12-19

6-CHARLES DARWIN ONUR YAYINLARI 'TURLER?N K?KES?

- 1996 . 273

7- FRANSIS DARWIN THE LIFE AND LETTER OF DARWIN CHARLES , , NEW YORK : D, APPELETON AND COMPANY 1988 . 374

7-CHARLES DARWIN , TURLER?N K?KES? . 310

9-Cemal y?ld?r?m . Evrim Kuram? ve Ba?nazl?k .185

10 -GORDEV R .TAYLOR - , THE GREAT EVOLUTION MYSTERY 1983 . 221

11 -CHARLES DARWIN , TURLER?N K?KES? . 225

12-CHARLES DARWIN , TURLER?N K?KES? . 225

13-Cemal y?ld?r?m . Evrim Kurami ve Ba?nazl?k .34

14-CHARLES DARWIN , TURLER?N K?KES? . 186

15- CHARLES DARWIN , TURLER?N K?KES? . 302

16-Cemal y?ld?r?m . Evrim Kuram? ve Ba?nazl?k .49

17-PETER KRAPATKAN MATUAL AID A FACTOR OF EVOLUTION 1902

(http //www,etext ,org/pal?t?cs/spunk/l?brary/wr?ters/krapatk?/sp0011503/?ndex,htm/)

18- B?L?M VE TEKN?K , 190 . 4

19- PETER KROPOTKIN , MUTUAL AID ,A FACTORAL EVOLUTION 1902,

20- JOHN MAYNARD SMITH , SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN , THE EVOLUTION OF BEHAVIOR 1978 239 3 . 176

21- GORDON TAYLOR , THE GREAT EVOLUTION MYSTERY . 223

22- THE ESSENTIAL OF BIOLOGY JANET L ,HOPSON &NORMANK WESSELLS MC GRAW-HILL PUBLISHING COMPANY 1995, 45, . 837-839

23- SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN , 229 , 1978, . 3

24-RUSSEL FREEDMAN , E.P.DUTTON NEWYORK HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG 1978 . 4

25-RUSSEL FREEDMAN , E.P.DUTTON NEWYORK HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG 1978 . 4

26-PETER JB SLATER ,NEW YORK FACTS ON FILE PUBLICATIONS. THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR 1987 . 87

27-GLENN OELAND NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC ,EMPERORS OF THE ICE 189, 3, 1996 . 64

28- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI , QUAND L'OISEAU FAIT SON NID , . 16

29- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI , QUAND L'OISEAU FAIT SON NID . 85

30-RUSSEL FREEDMAN , E.P.DUTTON NEWYORK HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG 1978 . 13- 14

31- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI , QUAND L'OISEAU FAIT SON NID . 90

32- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI , QUAND L'OISEAU FAIT SON NID . 86

33- DAVID ATTENBOROUGH , NEW JERSEY.PRINCETON.THE LIFE OF BIRDS 1998 . 233-234

34-RUSSEL FREEDMAN , E.P.DUTTON NEWYORK HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG 1978 . 47

35- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI , QUAND L'OISEANUFAIT SON NID . 89

36-PETER JB SLATER , NEW YORK FACTS ON FILE PUBLICATIONS. THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR . 42

DAVID ATTENBOROUGH , LIFE OF BIRDS .234-235

37- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI , QUAND L'OISEAU FAIT SON NID .88

38- DAVID ATTENBOROUGH , LIFE OF BIRDS .225

39- RUSSEL FREEDMAN , HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG 1978 . 14

40-RUSSEL FREEDMAN , HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG 1978 . 14

41-DAVID ATTENBOROUGH , LIFE OF BIRDS .149-151

42- THE MERVELS OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR , THE GEOGRAPHIC 1972 .301

DAVID ATTENBOROUGH , LIFE OF BIRDS . 228

43- C. KOSWING GENEL ZOOLOGIE , 1945 . 145-148

44-THOR LARSEN NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC.POLAR BEAR: LONELY NOMAD OF THE NORTH 1971 . 57

45-INTERNATIONAL WILLIFE - 1994 . 15

46-RUSSEL FREEDMAN HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG . 15

47-RUSSEL FREEDMAN HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG . 16

48-RUSSEL FREEDMAN HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG . 17

49-RUSSEL FREEDMAN HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG . 6

50-TONY SEDDON ANIMAL PARENTING . 27

51-RUSSEL FREEDMAN HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG . 19

52-DAVID ATTENBOROUGH YA?ADI?IMIZ DUNYA . 105-109-106

53-TONY SEDDON NEW YORK .FACTS ON FILE PUBLICATIONS . ANIMAL PARENTING 1989-. 31

54-DAVID ATTENBOROUGH YA?ADI?IMIZ DUNYA INKILAP YAYIN EVi . 228 1985 . 104-105

55-TONY SEDDON NEW YORK .FACTS ON FILE PUBLICATIONS . ANIMAL PARENTING 1989-. 19

56- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI QUAND L'OISEAU FAIT SON NID . 59

57- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI QUAND L'OISEAN FAIT SON NID .72

58-ROGER B.HIRSCHLAND NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC ;SOCIETY , HOW ANIMALS CARE FOR THEIR BABIES . 6

59-JACQUES COUSTEAU THE ADVENTURE OF LIFE THE OCEAN WORD OF JACQUES COUSTEAU WORLD PUBLISHING NEWYORK 1973 . 44

60- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI QUAND L'OISEAU FAIT SON NID . 20

61- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI QUAND L'OISEAN FAIT SON NID .104-105

62-DAVID ATTENBOROUGH LIFE OF BIRDS . 288-292

63-A.VINCENT . NATIONAL CEOGRAPHIC ,THE IMPROBABLE SEAHORSE 1994 B?L?M VE TEKN?K , 356 , 1997, . 34-40

64-HAYVANLAR ANS?KLOPED?S? PHOEBUS PUBLISHING COMPANY ;C.B.P.C PUBSHING .92

65HAYVANLAR ANS?KLOPED?S? PHOEBUS PUBLISHING COMPANY ;C.B.P.C PUBSHING . 33

66-HAYVANLAR ANSIKLOPED?S? PHOEBUS PUBLISHING COMPANY ;C.B.P.C PUBSHING . 37

67-JACQUES COUSTEAU , THE OCEAN WORLD OF JACQUES COUSTEAU QUEST FOR FOOD . 32.

68-JACQUES COUSTEAU , THE OCEAN WORLD OF JACQUES COUSTEAU QUEST FOR FOOD .35.

69-JACQUES COUSTEAU , THE OCEAN WORLD OF JACQUES COUSTEAU , QUEST FOR FOOD . 53.

70-TONY SEDDON , ANIMAL PARENTING .26.

71-TONY SEDDON , ANIMAL PARENTING . 26

72-DAVID ATTENBOROUGH , LIFE OF BIRDS . 26

73-HAYVANLAR ANSIKLOPEDISI ,PHOEBUS PUBLISHING COMPANY ;C.B.P.C PUBSHING . 246 - 247

74-TONY SEDDON . ANIMAL PARENTING . 26

75-SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ;DOUGLAS W.TALLANY 1999, 280 1 . 53-54

76-SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ;DOUGLAS W.TALLANY 1999, 280 1 . 55

77-RUSSEL FREEDMAN E.P.DUTTON NEWYORK HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG 1978 . 34-45

78-PETER JB SLATER NEW YORK FACTS ON FILE PUBLICATIONS. THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR . 88

79-RUSSEL FREEDMAN E.P.DUTTON NEWYORK HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG 1978 . 1

80-RUSSEL FREEDMAN E.P.DUTTON NEWYORK HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG1978 . 56-58

81-RUSSEL FREEDMAN E.P.DUTTON NEWYORK HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG 1978 . 36

82-RUSSEL FREEDMAN E.P.DUTTON NEWYORK HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG 1978 . 47-48

83-RUSSEL FREEDMAN E.P.DUTTON NEWYORK ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG HOW1978 . 258

84-DAVID ATTENBOROUGH LIFE OF BIRDS .258

85- RUSSEL FREEDMAN E.P.DUTTON NEWYORK HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG 1978 . 1

86-RUSSEL FREEDMAN E.P.DUTTON NEWYORK HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG 1978 . 53

87-RUSSEL FREEDMAN E.P.DUTTON NEWYORK HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG 1978 . 52

88-SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ;DOUGLAS W.TALLANY 1999, 280 1 . 52

89-SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ;DOUGLAS W.TALLANY 1999, 280 1 . 52-53

90-SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ;DOUGLAS W.TALLANY 1999, 280 1 . 51-52

91-SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ;DOUGLAS W.TALLANY 1999, 280 1 . 53

92-SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ;DOUGLAS W.TALLANY 1999, 280 1 . 52

93-DAVID ATTENBOROUGH LIFE OF BIRDS . 270

94-PETER JB SLATER . THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR . 86

95- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI QUAND L'OISEAU FAIT SON NID .20

96- B?L?M VE TEKN?K 1888 356 .12 SCIENCE ET VIE 1998

97-DAVID ATTENBOROUGH LIFE OF BIRDS . 256

98- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI QUAND L'OISEAU FAIT SON NID .100

99- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI QUAND L'OISEAU FAIT SON NID .123-124

100-DAVID ATTENBOROUGH LIFE OF BIRDS . 262

101-DAVID ATTENBOROUGH LIFE OF BIRDS . 263

102-DAVID ATTENBOROUGH LIFE OF BIRDS .279

103- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI QUAND L'OISEAU FAIT SON NID .95

104-TONY SEDDON . ANIMAL PARENTING . 32

105-SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ;DOUGLAS W.TALLANY 1999, 280 1 .53

106-TONY SEDDON . ANIMAL PARENTING . 34

107-RUSSEL FREEDMAN HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG . 36-42

19- PETER KROPOTKIN MUTUAL AID ,A FACTORAL EVOLUTION

1902

109-Cemal y?ld?r?m . Evrim Kuram? ve Ba?nazl?k .48-49

110-TONY SEDDON . ANIMAL PARENTING . 42

111-PETER JB SLATER . THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

. 114

112-EDWORD O.WILSON THE BELKNAP PRESS OF HARVORD UNI PRESS SOCIOBIOLOGY THE NEW SYTHENSIS ENGLAND1975 .123

113-DAVID ATTENBOROUGH INKILAP KITABEVI YA?ADI?IMI DUNYA 1985 .178 .

114-EDWORD O.WILSON THE BELKNAP PRESS OF HARVORD UNI PRESS SOCIOBIOLOGY THE NEW SYTHENSIS ENGLAND1975 .123

115-RUSSEL FREEDMAN HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG . 69 .

116-RUSSEL FREEDMAN HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG .66-76 .

117-DAVID ATTENBOROUGH YA?ADI?IMI DUNYA .185

118-RUSSEL FREEDMAN HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG .66-76

119-RUSSEL FREEDMAN HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG . 77

120-HAYVANLAR ANSIKLAPEDISI . 105 .

121-RUSSEL FREEDMAN HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG . 75

122-DAVID ATTENBOROUGH LIFE OF BIRDS .140 .

123- BILIM VE TEKNIK , 1902 . 58 .

124-HAYVANLAR ANSIKLAPEDISI , .29 .

125-HAYVANLAR ANSIKLAPEDISI , .80

126-RUSSEL FREEDMAN , HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG . 69

127-RUSSEL FREEDMAN , HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG . 72

128-JOHN SPARKS THE DISCOVERY OF BEHAVIOR . 264

129- GIOVANNI G.BELLANI , QUAND L'OISEAN FAIT SON NID . 20

130- PETER KROPOTKIN , MUTUAL AID ,A FACTORAL EVOLUTION

1902

131- PETER KROPOTKIN , MUTUAL AID ,A FACTORAL EVOLUTION

1902

132- BERT H?LLDOBLER -EDWORD O WILSON 1990

. 330-331

133-NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC 1995 .100

134- BERT H?LLDOBLER -EDWORD O WILSON 1990

. 71

135-RUSSEL FREEDMAN , HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG . 43

136-HAYVANLAR ANSIKLAPEDISI { } . 97-98

137-RUSSEL FREEDMAN , HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG . 22-23

138-RUSSEL FREEDMAN , HOW ANIMALS DEFEND THEIR YOUNG . 63

139-HUGH ROSS THE FIGER PRINT OF GOD .50 .

140-KLAVS DOSE - SIDNEY FOX ӡNEW YORK MARCEL DEKKER MOLECULER EVOLUTION AND THE ORIGIN OF LIFE, 1977.2

141-ALEXANDER I OBARIN ORIGIN OF LIFE (1936) NEW YORK DOVER PUPLICATIONS 1953 . 196

142-NEW EVIDENCE ON EVOLUTION OF EARLY ATMOSPHERE AND LIFE AMERICAN , BULLETIN OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY ɡ 63, 1982, . 1328-1330

143-STANLY MILLER MOGECULEREVOLUTION OF LIFE:CURRENT STATUS OF THE PREBIOTIC OFSMALL MOLECULES 1986. 7

144-JEFFRY BADA EARTH 1998 . 95

145-LESLIE ORGEL SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ;THE ORIGIN OF LIFE ON EARTH 271 1994 .189

146- CHARLS DARWIN , HARVORD UNI.PRESS;THE ORIGIN OF SPEICIER: A FACSIMILE OF THE FIRST EDITION 1964 . 189

147- CHARLS DARWIN , HARVORD UNI.PRESS;THE ORIGIN OF SPEICIER: A FACSIMILE OF THE FIRST EDITION 1964 . 184

148- B.G.RANGANATHAN . ORIGIN?

149- CHARLS DARWIN , HARVARD UNI.PRESS;THE ORIGIN OF SPEICIER: A FACSIMILE OF THE FIRST EDITION 1964 .179

150-DEREK A.AGER .. THE NATURE OF THE FASCIL RECORD

' 87 1976. 133

151-DOUGLAS J.FUTUYMA SCIENCE TRIAL NEW YORK : PANTHEON BOOKS 1983 . 197 .

152- SOLLY ZUCKERMAN BEYARD THE TOWEF TOPLINGER PUBLICATIONS 1970 . 75-94 CHARLES E.OXNARD GROUNDS FOR DOUBT THE PLACE OF AUSTRALOPITHE IN HUMAN EVOLUTION 258 . 389 .

153- J.RENNIE ERNST MAYR : DARWIN`S CURRENT BULLDOG SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 1992 .

154-ALAN WALKER SCIENCE VOL .207 1980 . 1103 A.J.KELSOI PHYSIOAL ANTROPOLOGY NEW YORK : J.B.LIPINCOTTCO 1970 . 221 M.D.LEAKEY OLDUVAI GORGE VOL . 3 CAMBRIDGE CAMBRIDGE. UNI PRESS 1971 . 272 .

155- TIME 1996 .

156-S.J.GOULD NATINAL HISTORY VOL 85 1976 . 30 .

157- SOLLY ZUCKERMAN BEYAN OF THE IVERY TOWER

TOPLINGER PUBLICATIONS : NEW YORK 1970 . 19 .

158- RICHARD LEWONTIN THE DEMON-HOUNTED WORLD

THE NEW YORK REVIEW OF BOOKS 9 1997 . 28 .

. 14

.

:

: .

:

. 18

GORDON R.TAYLER .

. 18

, ɿ

. 23

ǡ .

. 24

CEMAL YILDIRIM : .

. 28

, .

. 29 - 4

. 33

.

.

. 34 - 1-2 .

. 37 - 28

. 42

, ӡ Ͽ

.

. 44

.

. 45

.

. 46 - 6

. 50

.

.

. 52

. . .

. .

: .

.

53

.

55

. .

56

.

57

. .

:

:

{ } . 21

58

60

62

.

: .

66

.

67

69

: .

: 70 .

: .

:

: .

ǡ ɡ .

71

ѡ 6-12 .

73

.

74

.

76

ǡ .

78

.

ѡ ֡ .

79

{}

.

.

.

ɡ ɡ . . . .

81

.

82

, .

: .

: .

83

. .

84

, .

85

{ ABEDUS BERBERTI } { } .

86

.

87

- 24

:

.

88

.

ǡ . .

92

ɡ { } .

93

.

94

.

96

.

97

(91).

ȡ (92).

98

, , .

99

.

102

- 6

:{ } .

103

: .

: .

104

ʡ .

.

.

1000 (104).

105

Ρ ɡ .

.

.

2-

. .

. .

. .

107

- 62

:{ }

108

ѡ .

109

ǡ .

114

.

115

. .

118

.

119

.

121

350400 .

122

.

123

.

124

.

125

.

127

ɡ .

130

.

:

:

: .

134

1- .

2- .

3-

4-

5-

143

145

.

146

.

147

.

148

ѡ DNA ɡ . DNA 900 .

150

.

: .

: .

151

ǡ 530 ɡ .

" " .

153

ѡ ǡ .

155

. .

:73

    
1 / total 1
|
عن الموقع | اصنع صفحتك الخاصة | اضف للمفضلة | RSS Feed
يمكن نسخ جميع المواد ونشرها و توزيعها من خلال الإشارة الى هذا الموقع
(c) All publication rights of the personal photos of Mr. Adnan Oktar that are present in our website and in all other Harun Yahya works belong to Global Publication Ltd. Co. They cannot be used or published without prior consent even if used partially.
© 1994 Harun Yahya. www.harunyahya.com
page_top