|
ɡ . .
. .
. ǡ .. " " ɡ ǡ .
. ɡ ɡ . " " ǡ ɡ .
!
Charles Robert Darwin. " " 1859. . ɡ . . .
. . . ɡ : ڡ ǡ .
. 1865. ɡ . . DNA ɡ 1950 ѡ . ɡ .
. .
. " " ɡ ʡ . ɡ ɡ . " " . . . . . . .
ɡ ў. ߡ ɡ . . " " ѡ . ǡ . " " "" .
. . . ̡ / / . " " .
" " . ǡ . " " . ̡ .
ѿ
. " " . .
ǡ . ɡ .
. .
. . " ":
" ơ ... ɿ... ɡ ɿ ."1
. " " Derek V. Ager :
" - - ϡ .2
. Neville George :
" . ... .3
. "" 530-520 . . ɡ ϡ " " .
ɡ . . Richard Monestaresky ֡ :
" . 550 . .4
ɡ 20 " ". .
1984 ۡ . ա ɡ .
Stefan Bengston :
" . .5
135 . .
ɡ . "" - - . .
. .
. ҡ . .
. . . . ( ) . ɡ .
ɡ ϡ . " " .
. . . Earnest A. Hooten :
" . . . ... .6
. " " . .
1912. . " " 500 . " " ʡ .
1949 .
. Oakley, Weiner, Clark 1953. 500 ء ! ߡ . . ( ). LE Gros Clark ݡ :
" . : "
Henry Fairfield Osborn . . . " " " ".
. ǡ .
1927 . ǡ "" . "".
Ͽ
ѡ . ǡ . "" Australopithecus : " ". "" . .
"" Homo . "" . ˡ Homo Sapiens .
ʡ "" . ѡ " ". ѡ .
.
:
. ˡ . : .
. . .
. .
. . Charles E. Oxnard .
" . . . ."8
. ɡ . Robin Compton ɡ "" . : . .
1994 . . . .
:
" Homo " . . . "" .
"" : Homo erectus Homo Sapiens Neanderthal man Cro- Magnon man .
"" . " " .
" " " " . 12 183 . . .
. Richard Leakey :
" ɡ . . ."9
. .
ɡ . "" . . .
֡ ɡ Homo sapien . . . " " . .
Neanderthal man. " ". ɡ . . Erik Trhnkaus :
" ."10
. ǡ . : " . .
. .
" " .
ѿ
. - ɡ - .
ɡ . ɡ ǡ . ɡ . .
ɡ ɡ ɡ ɡ . .
ǡ .
. ɡ 50 . ɡ . " ".
ɡ .
. 288 ǡ 10300 . . ɡ . 1 ( 10300). "1" "":1 300 : . 288 . ɡ "" .
ǡ . ߡ ʡ ɡ ɡ .
ɡ .
Pro. Dr. Ali Demirosy ( ) - " ytochrome - C" :
" "ochrome - C" . . . . ."11
" " :
" " ytochrome- C" ɡ ."12
. ʡ . "" "". ϡ . . : . ǡ .
. . ɡ ɡ . ɡ ѡ . (). .13
ɡ . . " ". ء .
50% ɡ ɡ ɡ . ɡ . .
500 :
- = 1/20500 = 1/10650
- = 1/2500 = 1/10150
- = 1/2499 = 1/10150
1/10950 "1" 10950 .
͡ "1" 950 1 . . . 1 10 50 .
500 ɡ . "" . : 280 . " ". .
ɡ .
. " " " Miller Experiment" 1953.
ɡ ( ) . .
. . ɡ .
100 . . . ... . ɡ " " . . .
. . ɡ . . . ɡ .
" ".
. ɡ ɡ ʡ ѡ . ɡ .
. .
ǿ CH4 NH3 H2O ء . Kevin McKean "":
" . . ɡ . N2 Co2 H2O. ɡ ."14
ʡ .
. . . ѡ ϡ .
ɡ .. . . ɡ ɡ .
ɡ . .
ǡ "". . ( " " ) ɡ - ɡ "".
.
: DNA
. ߡ (DNA RNA) . 1955 DNA James Watson, Francis Crick . . DNA.
DNA:
DNA 100 ɡ . ɡ DNA . DNA . A,T,G,C . . DNA 3,5 3,5 .
DNA "". ʡ . . DNA.
ɡ . ɡ . 200 . Frank Salisbury :
300 . DNA 1000 . DNA 1000 41000 . 41000 =10600. 600 ɡ 1 600 ! .15
41000 10600 600 "1". 10 11 600 .
:
" ɡ (DNA- RNA) . ."16
ʡ DNA . . ߡ DNA . DNA. ѡ ѡ "" . Jacobson :
" ɡ - ( ). ɡ ".17
DNA. .ҡ DNA ѡ ѡ DNA .
Junker Scherer ɡ ǡ ǡ :
" . ǡ "18.
ѡ .
ɡ " ". .
ɡ . DNA RNA . DNA . ʡ DNA RNA .
ޡ . . " ". Michael Behe :
" - - "!" . "" .
ɡ . . : ӡ . . .19
. " " ɡ " " .
ȡ ѡ . ɡ .
.
.
. .
ǡ
- . ɡ ɡ . ɡ ɡ . Ρ ɡ ( ) . .
. . . ɡ ɡ .
. ɡ .
.
" "
. ѡ . . ʡ :
{ ..} [: 33].
. . "" ( -64) : { } [: 75] ɡ . ޡ . " .
ɡ .
.
: . ǡ ǡ . . " ". . . .
.
. 1884 " " :
" ѡ ɡ ɡ . . : ".20
ɡ . :
" ѡ . : " ".21
. ɡ . ڡ . .
. . .
ɡ .
ɡ . ɡ . Diderot " " ɡ Voltair Montesquieu Jean Jacques Rousseau "" . " " :
" . ѡ .22
" " :
" ѡ . ."23
. .
ɡ ɡ
1776 ɡ "" Adam Weishaupt. : . :
1 - .
2 - .
.
ϡ " " .24
ɡ ɡ . . 1780 Baron Von Knigge .
. . 1782.
"" " ". " ". ɡ : Karl Marx Fredrik Engels! . " " " " . .
. :
: .
: ҡ . .
: ɡ ӡ . " " . .
: . . .
: ǡ .
: ɡ 1968. .
ɡ . Ρ ۡ ϡ ӡ ѡ ϡ . . . ǡ ǡ . ǡ . .
. . ɡ ( 67).
. " " ( -1). :
{ } [: 116].
( : )
: { ..} [: 30]. . ɡ .
ӡ .
ڡ . . .
. . . ǡ . .
. ʡ . ǡ . ( 92) . " " . . . . " " : { } [ : 24].
.
ɡ . : " ɡ 50-60 ". ɡ . ء - - . .
. . . ɡ ѡ .
. .. . . " ". . .
: " ". . . . . .
. : { } [: 116] . .
. . . . ǡ . :
{ } [: 109].
: . . . . ǡ . . :
{ } [: 108].
|