:

. . . ǡ . .

. . ڠ " ".

ɡ ( ) . ɡ ɡ . .

. . " "The origin of Species) ) .

. . . ڡ ѡ ͠ " " .

ѡ . ʡ ޡ .

ѡ :

"... ʡ . ".

. . . :
" ɡ . "

ߡ . ʡ ɡ . . " " ɡ .

: ( ) ( : 36- 40)

ɡ " ". . " ".

. . - - ̠ .

ɡ ɡ . ɡ . ɡ .

ѡ ͡ . ʡ Ǡ ɡ :

" Ӻ ... ɠ ... ǡ ɡ ..."
. . . . ѡ : " " .

ɡ ɠ " " :

" ... . . ".

. . ӡ . :

" ".

" " :

" ѡ ".

͠ ʡ :

" " " . ڡ ɡ . - ɡ . ".

ʡ . ɡ . : ɡ - ʡ ɠ .

. ɡ Ρ :

" ǡ ǡ ".

͡ . :

( ) ( : 41)

:

( ) (: 157)

ɡ ޡ . ɡ ɡ . . : ( ) ( : 139)

ɡ . ɡ ɡ ɡ . " " " ". ڡ . . ɡ .

ɡ ڡ . : " "

ѡ ڡ . ɡ ( 9% ) . ʡ . .

. . - - - - . ʡ " ". . . 㡠 " " . .

ӡ . ɡ " " ǡ ǡ . ɡ . . ԡ " ". ( ) ( ) ( : 24)